In the olden days, learning and work were intertwined. Youth learned learned through participation in community activities as apprentices. The communinal setting proved inefficient and limited individual freedoms and creativity. This led to the introduction of enterprises and private ownership and introduction of capital to provide for exchange of product which resulted from specialization.

Consequently, learning and education were institutionalized and employment was postponed until certification. The productivity and efficiency that resulted from the capitalization and private ownership however introduced the concept of unemployment and many individuals who acquired the requisite qualifications ended up unemployed or underemployed in spite of the opportunity and needs in the society.

The evolution of knowledge and information all way to artificial intelligence has led to even greater individual productivity and efficiency while increasing the opportunities in the industry while demanding greater innovation and creativity on the part of learners..........